FIG. 01 / VISIBILITY GEOMETRY
AOS —TCA —LOS —
GROUND / 39.9612° N, 82.9988° W
T = 2π √(r³ / μ)ψ = cos⁻¹((R / r) cos ε) − ερ = √(r² − R² cos² ε) − R sin εSpherical Earth, circular orbit, overhead ground track, no Earth rotation, refraction, terrain mask, precession, or orbital perturbations. Doppler is an upper planning estimate using orbital speed as radial speed.